Socio-demographic inequalities in the clinical characteristics of dengue haemorrhagic fever in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007-2008.

In 2007-2008, the city of Rio de Janeiro underwent an epidemiological change, with increases in the incidence in children and in severe forms of dengue. To describe the clinical profile and spatial distribution of dengue we performed an ecological study based on dengue surveillance data using the Brazilian classification (2005): dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue with complications. χ 2 test was used to describe the clinical and socio-demographic variables (P < 0.05). Spatial distribution of incidence and case-fatality was explored with thematic maps, Moran and Geary indices (P < 0.05). Of the total of 151 527 dengue cases, 38 808 met the inclusion criteria; 42.4% <18 years; 22.9% dengue with complications and 2.7% DHF. Case-fatality was higher in infants (1.4%) and in DHF (7.7%). Bleeding was more frequent in adolescents and adults while plasma leakage was more common in preschoolers and schoolchildren. The highest incidence was found in the West Zone of the city, in a different area from that of the worst case-fatality (P < 0.05). Although the incidence of DHF was higher in schoolchildren, infants showed higher case-fatality. The area with the highest case-fatality did not present the highest incidence, which suggests problems in the organization of health services.

Desfecho dos casos de influenza pandêmica (H1N1) 2009 em mulheres em idade fértil durante a pandemia, no município do Rio de Janeiro / Outcomes of pandemic Influenza (H1N1) 2009 in women of childbearing age, in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Objetivo: avaliar a letalidade entre mulheres em idade fértil durante a pandemia de Influenza Pandêmica (H1N1) 2009, tendo a presença de gravidez como exposição, no município do Rio de Janeiro. Metodologia: foram selecionados, a partir do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), do Ministério da Saúde, os casos confirmados de influenza pandêmica para comparação entre gestantes e não-gestantes, sendo incluídas 633 mulheres residentes no MRJ, estando 233 gestantes (37 por cento). Resultados: sete gestantes e 22 não gestantes faleceram no episódio de gripe, não se evidenciando um risco maior de óbito entre as gestantes (Risco relativo=0,53 [IC95 por cento: 0,22-1,27]). Conclusão: apesar de não ter sido evidenciada associação entre gestação e óbito, a infecção pelo vírus (H1N1) em gestantes deve ser acompanhada cuidadosamente, principalmente na presença de fatores de risco.

Objective: to compare the death rate among women of childbearing age during the Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) 2009 in Rio de Janeiro considering pregnancy exposure. Methodology: confirmed cases were selected from the National Disease Reporting System (SinanWeb) of Brazil’s Ministry of Health, and pregnant were compared to non-pregnant women. 633 patients were included and 233 of them (37 percent) were pregnant when reported. Results: seven pregnant and 22 non-pregnant women died during the flu episode, but we failed to elicit a greater risk of death among those who were pregnant (Relative Risk=0.53 [95 percent CI 0.22-1.27]). Conclusion: although no evidence of association of pregnancy and death was found, pregnant women with the new flu should be followed carefully, especially in the presence of known risk factors.

Dengue: alertas clínicos e laboratoriais da evolução grave da doença / Dengue: clinical and laboratory alerts of the evolution of the serious illness

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dengue é um importante problema de saúde pública, sendo necessário qualificar a assistência no seu atendimento, objetivando reverter quadros potencialmente graves, com redução do risco de morte. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar correlação entre sinais e sintomas clínico-laboratoriais que indiquem a sua gravidade, aumentando assim a sensibilidade da triagem da equipe de saúde para um caso grave em potencial, tentando traçar condutas eficazes e apresentar marcadores laboratoriais que possam indicar essa evolução. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, baseado no banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e de dados primários obtidos a partir da revisão dos prontuários dos óbitos ocorridos no município do Rio de Janeiro em 2007. RESULTADOS: Considerando-se os óbitos confirmados sorologicamente (26), 8 (30,7%) foram por dengue com complicações, 14 (54%) por febre hemorrágica da dengue e 4 (15,3%) síndrome do choque da dengue. A dor abdominal estava presente em 57,7% dos casos, a hipotensão postural em 63,7%, as manifestações hemorrágicas ocorreram em 69,3% (sangramento gastrintestinal: 42,3%; petéquias: 26,1%; epistaxe: 19,2% e gengivorragia: 11,5%); extravasamento plasmático foi evidenciado em 61,5%. Houve plaquetopenia em 92,3%, leucocitose em 66,6%, leucopenia em 12,5% e hemoconcentração em 56,5%. Todos os pacientes com provas de função hepática realizada (7) apresentaram alteração de transaminases. CONCLUSÃO: Mostraram-se relevantes como fatores preditivos de mau prognóstico os sinais e sintomas: dor abdominal, hipotensão postural, manifestações hemorrágicas e extravasamento plasmático. Entre os exames laboratoriais a leucocitose, transaminases elevadas e plaquetopenia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dengue is an important public health problem, being required to qualify for assistance in caring for this disorder, to revert tables potentially serious, with reduced risk of death. This study aimed to look for signs and symptoms correlation between clinical and laboratory showing its seriousness, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the screening of the healthcare team to a serious potential, trying to map out effective and present conduct laboratory markers that may indicate that evolution. METHODS: Descriptive study, retrospective, based on a database of SINAN and primary data obtained from the review of medical records of the deaths occurred in Rio de Janeiro in 2007. RESULTS: Considering the serologically confirmed deaths (26), 8 (30.7%) were by dengue with complications, 14 (54%) due to dengue hemorrhagic fever and 4 (15.3%) of dengue's shock syndrome. The abdominal pain was present in 57.7% of cases, the postural hypotension in 63.7%, the hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in 69.3% (gastrointestinal bleeding: 42.3%; petechiae: 26.1%; epistaxis: 19.2% and gengivorragia: 11.5%), plasma extravasation was evidenced in 61.5%. There was 92.3% in thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis in 66.6%, leukopenia in 12.5% and 56.5% in hemoconcentration. All patients with evidence of liver function performed (7) showed change in transaminases. CONCLUSION: They were important as predictors of poor prognosis the signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, postural hypotension, hemorrhagic manifestations and plasma extravasation and between laboratory tests to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and elevated transaminases.